Therapists in Oakland, CA

View neighborhoods in Oakland
Photo of Christina Hourany, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Oakland, CA
Christina Hourany
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94609
If you are reading this, you have chosen to take the first step to healing. This decision is a demonstration of your resiliency, strength, and courage to be vulnerable, something to be immensely proud of. My therapeutic approach in working with individuals and couples is integrative. I recognize that no two persons are the same and that each person requires a treatment plan that is adapted to meet their needs. I recognize that experiences of trauma and pain are two unavoidable life experiences. However, I believe that there is a resiliency and strength inside each individual that supports a path of healing.
If you are reading this, you have chosen to take the first step to healing. This decision is a demonstration of your resiliency, strength, and courage to be vulnerable, something to be immensely proud of. My therapeutic approach in working with individuals and couples is integrative. I recognize that no two persons are the same and that each person requires a treatment plan that is adapted to meet their needs. I recognize that experiences of trauma and pain are two unavoidable life experiences. However, I believe that there is a resiliency and strength inside each individual that supports a path of healing.
(925) 701-9385 View (925) 701-9385
Photo of Dara Hayden, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Dara Hayden
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94610
Therapy can offer you the chance to increase your sense of personal satisfaction, improve your relationships and resolve specific concerns. Whether you are struggling with a recent challenge, or dealing with long term difficulties, I'd be glad to speak with you. I offer a collaborative, compassionate, depth-oriented therapeutic style in a confidential private practice setting. I meet with and welcome individuals of all ethnic, cultural and religious backgrounds who may identify with traditional or non-traditional gender roles and sexual identities. Please contact me for more information, or to schedule an appointment.
Therapy can offer you the chance to increase your sense of personal satisfaction, improve your relationships and resolve specific concerns. Whether you are struggling with a recent challenge, or dealing with long term difficulties, I'd be glad to speak with you. I offer a collaborative, compassionate, depth-oriented therapeutic style in a confidential private practice setting. I meet with and welcome individuals of all ethnic, cultural and religious backgrounds who may identify with traditional or non-traditional gender roles and sexual identities. Please contact me for more information, or to schedule an appointment.
(510) 454-8070 View (510) 454-8070
Photo of Madison Oie, Pre-Licensed Professional in Oakland, CA
Madison Oie
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94618
What is "trauma"? Trauma shows up in many ways - it could be a feeling a distance from your life, perpetual anxiety or depression, moments of ‘trigger’ where you can’t control your behavior, or coping mechanisms that are hurting more than helping. We can heal your nervous system, taking it out of fight/flight and into it’s "window of tolerance" where you can not just survive, but thrive.
What is "trauma"? Trauma shows up in many ways - it could be a feeling a distance from your life, perpetual anxiety or depression, moments of ‘trigger’ where you can’t control your behavior, or coping mechanisms that are hurting more than helping. We can heal your nervous system, taking it out of fight/flight and into it’s "window of tolerance" where you can not just survive, but thrive.
(510) 241-4527 View (510) 241-4527
Photo of Lilly Hanson, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Lilly Hanson, MFT
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94618
If you are looking for a therapist for yourself or your child, it is likely that some part of your or your child's life is not going the way you expected or would like it to be. Some things that seemed they should work perhaps aren't, or not as well as you'd like. Perhaps your child's feelings are stronger than you had expected, or they are not developing in other ways, and are missing developmental opportunities you know would be healthy for them and want them to have. Perhaps it seemed they might grow out of some of their difficult behaviors or feelings, yet it is hard to determine if they are on that path of growth.
If you are looking for a therapist for yourself or your child, it is likely that some part of your or your child's life is not going the way you expected or would like it to be. Some things that seemed they should work perhaps aren't, or not as well as you'd like. Perhaps your child's feelings are stronger than you had expected, or they are not developing in other ways, and are missing developmental opportunities you know would be healthy for them and want them to have. Perhaps it seemed they might grow out of some of their difficult behaviors or feelings, yet it is hard to determine if they are on that path of growth.
(510) 822-8074 View (510) 822-8074
Photo of Silver Lake Psychology, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Silver Lake Psychology
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94612
Learn how to feel more connected to yourself, others, and the world around you. Therapy provides all the elements of intimacy: honest communication, vulnerability, and trust. Good therapy is challenging yet warm, providing both structure and empathy for your unique experience.
Learn how to feel more connected to yourself, others, and the world around you. Therapy provides all the elements of intimacy: honest communication, vulnerability, and trust. Good therapy is challenging yet warm, providing both structure and empathy for your unique experience.
(415) 612-3556 View (415) 612-3556
Photo of Steven W. Flannes, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Steven W. Flannes
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94618
Services: I provide individual psychotherapy for adults, using an approach involving mindfulness based practices and an existential-humanistic mindset. I am a licensed clinical psychologist who has worked across the full spectrum of psychotherapy settings, including private practice, mental health clinics, inpatient settings, and day treatment programs. I have also held numerous clinical leadership roles, such as the director of a county outpatient mental health center, and the director of an inpatient psychiatric unit.
Services: I provide individual psychotherapy for adults, using an approach involving mindfulness based practices and an existential-humanistic mindset. I am a licensed clinical psychologist who has worked across the full spectrum of psychotherapy settings, including private practice, mental health clinics, inpatient settings, and day treatment programs. I have also held numerous clinical leadership roles, such as the director of a county outpatient mental health center, and the director of an inpatient psychiatric unit.
(510) 944-0247 View (510) 944-0247
Photo of Dr. Eric Bottino, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Dr. Eric Bottino
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, MFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94618
Are you so overwhelmed that you can't focus on your partner, kids, or other meaningful relationships? Do you feel like letting go of patterns is challenging and find yourself obsessing about your body to the point that eating becomes an ordeal? Do you feel like the past is weighing you down and you can't put it where it belongs, that is in the past? Do you engage in behaviors such as drug, alcohol, or other reckless endeavors that bring about tension and conflicts at home, at work, or other social settings?
Are you so overwhelmed that you can't focus on your partner, kids, or other meaningful relationships? Do you feel like letting go of patterns is challenging and find yourself obsessing about your body to the point that eating becomes an ordeal? Do you feel like the past is weighing you down and you can't put it where it belongs, that is in the past? Do you engage in behaviors such as drug, alcohol, or other reckless endeavors that bring about tension and conflicts at home, at work, or other social settings?
(628) 227-5455 View (628) 227-5455
Photo of Alexander Enrique Wade, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Alexander Enrique Wade
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94612
Thank you for taking the time to get to know me. Seeking therapy support can be a very uncomfortable first step especially in communities that views mental health services as a stigma. As an Afro-Latino born and raised in Panama, I am familiar with societal pitfalls that trigger a mindset of hopelessness. Yet, it is through those struggles that have empowered me to change that narrative. In my 26 years of experience working for the city and county of San Francisco, Child Protective Services, vulnerable individuals and families have entrusted me to partner with them as they navigate times of crisis and despair.
Thank you for taking the time to get to know me. Seeking therapy support can be a very uncomfortable first step especially in communities that views mental health services as a stigma. As an Afro-Latino born and raised in Panama, I am familiar with societal pitfalls that trigger a mindset of hopelessness. Yet, it is through those struggles that have empowered me to change that narrative. In my 26 years of experience working for the city and county of San Francisco, Child Protective Services, vulnerable individuals and families have entrusted me to partner with them as they navigate times of crisis and despair.
(415) 592-7482 View (415) 592-7482
Photo of Randall Wyatt, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Randall Wyatt
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94611  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Often clients come into therapy with me when they are stuck in life, in a crisis, or in transition in a relationship or job or when emotions are just becoming too much to cope with. They want a change but are not always sure how to go about it. Taking the step to begin therapy is not easy for most people, but starting therapy often leads to a real opportunity to change, in ways that are not always expected. My style is warm, inviting and engaging, and I seek to connect to each person where they are at in life.
Often clients come into therapy with me when they are stuck in life, in a crisis, or in transition in a relationship or job or when emotions are just becoming too much to cope with. They want a change but are not always sure how to go about it. Taking the step to begin therapy is not easy for most people, but starting therapy often leads to a real opportunity to change, in ways that are not always expected. My style is warm, inviting and engaging, and I seek to connect to each person where they are at in life.
(510) 972-1731 View (510) 972-1731
Photo of Sonia Beers, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Sonia Beers
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94609  (Online Only)
I welcome collaboration and creativity in the therapeutic process! My approach is to listen with curiosity and attention. I enjoy working with neurodivergent adults and adolescents. I support couples and relationships that are experiencing challenges because of different "wiring" that leads to misattunement and dysregulation. I understand the challenges that parents can face in taking care of their complex children. I work with all identities and family structures. I welcome clients who are queer, gender diverse, or in less traditional relationship configurations.
I welcome collaboration and creativity in the therapeutic process! My approach is to listen with curiosity and attention. I enjoy working with neurodivergent adults and adolescents. I support couples and relationships that are experiencing challenges because of different "wiring" that leads to misattunement and dysregulation. I understand the challenges that parents can face in taking care of their complex children. I work with all identities and family structures. I welcome clients who are queer, gender diverse, or in less traditional relationship configurations.
(415) 964-3615 View (415) 964-3615
Photo of Eric Burns, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Eric Burns
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94612  (Online Only)
Your mental health is very important. Whether you are struggling with a new problem or one that has been ongoing, an emotional problem or a biochemical one, or even relationship challenges, getting support can make a world of difference. Establishing a safe environment to talk and building a trusting relationship is essential in building a therapeutic relationship. I provide a warm and caring environment for you to trust and share intimate thoughts and feelings, including at times, conflicting thoughts, anxious feelings, depressed mood, and traumatic events.
Your mental health is very important. Whether you are struggling with a new problem or one that has been ongoing, an emotional problem or a biochemical one, or even relationship challenges, getting support can make a world of difference. Establishing a safe environment to talk and building a trusting relationship is essential in building a therapeutic relationship. I provide a warm and caring environment for you to trust and share intimate thoughts and feelings, including at times, conflicting thoughts, anxious feelings, depressed mood, and traumatic events.
(510) 214-4236 View (510) 214-4236
Photo of Ben Geiger, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Ben Geiger
Marriage & Family Therapist, JD, MA
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94611
Do you find yourself stuck in painful ways of relating to yourself or others? I can work with you to recognize these patterns, understand why they developed, and loosen their grip on your life today. Through the therapy relationship, we can develop a trusting environment to explore your thoughts and feelings, personal history, and relationships. In this way, we can create enough distance from these painful experiences and ways of relating to allow for greater freedom and satisfaction in your relationships, work, and creative life.
Do you find yourself stuck in painful ways of relating to yourself or others? I can work with you to recognize these patterns, understand why they developed, and loosen their grip on your life today. Through the therapy relationship, we can develop a trusting environment to explore your thoughts and feelings, personal history, and relationships. In this way, we can create enough distance from these painful experiences and ways of relating to allow for greater freedom and satisfaction in your relationships, work, and creative life.
(510) 240-8977 View (510) 240-8977
Photo of Caitlin Burnham, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Caitlin Burnham
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94610  (Online Only)
I enjoy working with my clients to help them live more in alignment with how they want to be living. We identity sources of "stuckness", which may include histories of trauma/traumatic invalidation, distress around identities related to race, sexuality, gender, and/or neurodivergence, coping with mood disorders and related behavioral and relationship difficulties, among other significant and impactful life experiences and challenges with past coping strategies. While taking a social justice-oriented and compassionate stance, we work on understanding and processing pain in order to increase one's experience of empowerment and ease.
I enjoy working with my clients to help them live more in alignment with how they want to be living. We identity sources of "stuckness", which may include histories of trauma/traumatic invalidation, distress around identities related to race, sexuality, gender, and/or neurodivergence, coping with mood disorders and related behavioral and relationship difficulties, among other significant and impactful life experiences and challenges with past coping strategies. While taking a social justice-oriented and compassionate stance, we work on understanding and processing pain in order to increase one's experience of empowerment and ease.
(650) 547-1208 View (650) 547-1208
Photo of Bianca Jarvis, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Bianca Jarvis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94618
“Your present circumstances don’t determine where you go; they merely determine where you start.” - Dr. Lauren Fogel Mersy. If you are feeling ready to start, welcome to my practice. I am committed to creating a therapeutic environment where you are met with compassion and competency in order to feel safe to share about the issues, difficulties, and fears impacting your life. I am also honored to welcome you back to therapy if previous experiences with therapy and/or therapist(s) have felt harmful or unsafe.
“Your present circumstances don’t determine where you go; they merely determine where you start.” - Dr. Lauren Fogel Mersy. If you are feeling ready to start, welcome to my practice. I am committed to creating a therapeutic environment where you are met with compassion and competency in order to feel safe to share about the issues, difficulties, and fears impacting your life. I am also honored to welcome you back to therapy if previous experiences with therapy and/or therapist(s) have felt harmful or unsafe.
(510) 214-2470 View (510) 214-2470
Photo of LaToya Braxton, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
LaToya Braxton
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MEd, EdS
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94610
What would it be like to be understood? No really?! The journey truly starts when we first seek to understand ourselves. Through personalized, identity affirming intervention and an unconditional judge-free zone, I implement healthy relationship building with each one of my clients first. As a result, trust can be established and influences you to be empowered yet vulnerable, ultimately leading to healthy behavior modification and a deeper awareness of how to thrive even through adversity.
What would it be like to be understood? No really?! The journey truly starts when we first seek to understand ourselves. Through personalized, identity affirming intervention and an unconditional judge-free zone, I implement healthy relationship building with each one of my clients first. As a result, trust can be established and influences you to be empowered yet vulnerable, ultimately leading to healthy behavior modification and a deeper awareness of how to thrive even through adversity.
(510) 380-7541 View (510) 380-7541
Photo of Melody Maldonado, Associate Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Melody Maldonado
Associate Marriage & Family Therapist, AMFT, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94619  (Online Only)
I am passionate about providing trauma-informed and dynamic treatment to folx who may feel unwelcome in their communities due to both internal and external perceptions of their identity. My passion is working with queer folx of color to foster a healing and reparative experience to discover and be empowered in your authentic self. Whether you're looking for a space of your own, for you and your partner(s) or chosen family, our work together can allow for deeper understanding, openness and communication.
I am passionate about providing trauma-informed and dynamic treatment to folx who may feel unwelcome in their communities due to both internal and external perceptions of their identity. My passion is working with queer folx of color to foster a healing and reparative experience to discover and be empowered in your authentic self. Whether you're looking for a space of your own, for you and your partner(s) or chosen family, our work together can allow for deeper understanding, openness and communication.
(510) 930-3544 View (510) 930-3544
Photo of Akilah V. Vazquez, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Akilah V. Vazquez
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94605  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
There are things that happen in life that we try to overcome on our own but realize it has become too much to handle alone. You may be experiencing work related stress, conflict in your relationships, shame, grief, anxiety, depression, or a trauma. As a Therapist I want to support you heal those parts of yourself that hold you back. My goal is to support you in navigating, refining or developing skills to improve and enhance your life. I want to help restore, renew and heal yourself, relationships, life or work. Psychotherapy can be a difficult process; It is important to feel comfortable and safe as you go on this journey.
There are things that happen in life that we try to overcome on our own but realize it has become too much to handle alone. You may be experiencing work related stress, conflict in your relationships, shame, grief, anxiety, depression, or a trauma. As a Therapist I want to support you heal those parts of yourself that hold you back. My goal is to support you in navigating, refining or developing skills to improve and enhance your life. I want to help restore, renew and heal yourself, relationships, life or work. Psychotherapy can be a difficult process; It is important to feel comfortable and safe as you go on this journey.
(510) 466-1874 View (510) 466-1874
Photo of Shanna LoPresti, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Shanna LoPresti
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94618
You can thrive, feel more freedom and peace, and you don't have to do it alone. Relationship challenges, confusing emotions, and transitions can leave us feeling shaky. Somatic (body-centered) therapy can help you understand yourself while healing past hurts. Every relationship you have had with others and society influences your well-being. I can help you navigate relationships with self, loved ones, and the wider world with confidence and ease. You possess tremendous inner strength, courage, and determination. If you are willing to work, you can have the change you desire. You deserve to be your best self.
You can thrive, feel more freedom and peace, and you don't have to do it alone. Relationship challenges, confusing emotions, and transitions can leave us feeling shaky. Somatic (body-centered) therapy can help you understand yourself while healing past hurts. Every relationship you have had with others and society influences your well-being. I can help you navigate relationships with self, loved ones, and the wider world with confidence and ease. You possess tremendous inner strength, courage, and determination. If you are willing to work, you can have the change you desire. You deserve to be your best self.
(415) 528-3513 View (415) 528-3513
Photo of Jacqui Ferraiolo, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Jacqui Ferraiolo
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94609
Limited spots available, please reach out for details: Individual, Couples/Relationship, Teen Counseling. LGBTQIA+, Poly, Sex-Positive, & Kink friendly. Folks tend to come to me when they are feeling stuck around their anxiety or depression. They usually are holding questions around their sexuality/identity, life transitions, and processing grief or loss. They know that they have the wisdom to resolve these feelings inside, but they are feeling stuck on how to access them. Everything feels a little garbled, and I help them clear the way to access the answers to the questions they are holding.
Limited spots available, please reach out for details: Individual, Couples/Relationship, Teen Counseling. LGBTQIA+, Poly, Sex-Positive, & Kink friendly. Folks tend to come to me when they are feeling stuck around their anxiety or depression. They usually are holding questions around their sexuality/identity, life transitions, and processing grief or loss. They know that they have the wisdom to resolve these feelings inside, but they are feeling stuck on how to access them. Everything feels a little garbled, and I help them clear the way to access the answers to the questions they are holding.
(510) 588-3682 View (510) 588-3682
Photo of Dr. Lisa M Johnson, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Dr. Lisa M Johnson
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94609  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
There are things that happened to us in the past that shape us in a negative way today. I am here for those who are ready to take the bold and courageous step to heal from the emotional pain and distress from the past in order to help you live a more fulfilling life in the present. Today's stressors can cause distress that impact the quality of our lives and I am here to provide a way to heal and manage those feelings. My practice is focused on helping others break free of traumas, depression, anxiety, racial stress, and anything else that is prohibiting you from living the life you want.
There are things that happened to us in the past that shape us in a negative way today. I am here for those who are ready to take the bold and courageous step to heal from the emotional pain and distress from the past in order to help you live a more fulfilling life in the present. Today's stressors can cause distress that impact the quality of our lives and I am here to provide a way to heal and manage those feelings. My practice is focused on helping others break free of traumas, depression, anxiety, racial stress, and anything else that is prohibiting you from living the life you want.
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Oakland, CA

2,000+

Average cost per session

$185

Therapists in Oakland, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
74% Self Esteem
73% Trauma and PTSD
69% Grief
66% Stress

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

60% Aetna
49% Cigna and Evernorth
44% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Oakland, CA see their clients

62% In Person and Online
38% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
21% Male
4% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Oakland?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.